Physics Notes — Class 12
Physics Notes — Class 12
Complete chapter-by-chapter conceptual notes for all 4 units of NEB Class 12 Physics — Mechanics, Heat, Optics, and Modern Physics — structured around CDC exam blueprints.
Rotational Dynamics
Torque, moment of inertia, angular momentum, and rotational kinetic energy with rolling motion.
Gravitation
Newton's law, gravitational field, potential, orbital velocity, escape velocity, and Kepler's laws.
Simple Harmonic Motion
SHM conditions, displacement equation, energy in SHM, damped oscillations, and resonance.
Fluid Mechanics
Bernoulli's theorem, Venturimeter, Torricelli's theorem, viscosity, Stokes' law, and surface tension.
Elasticity
Stress, strain, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Hooke's law, and elastic energy.
Electric & Magnetic Fields
Coulomb's law, electric field and potential, capacitors, magnetic force, Biot-Savart, and Ampere's law.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat, work, internal energy, isothermal/adiabatic processes, and specific heat capacities of gases.
Second Law & Entropy
Heat engines, Carnot cycle, efficiency, refrigerators, entropy, and the second law statements.
Thermal Expansion
Linear, area, and volume expansion, anomalous expansion of water, and real/apparent expansion.
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Assumptions, derivation of pressure, mean speed, RMS speed, and equipartition of energy theorem.
Wave Motion
Transverse and longitudinal waves, wave equation, superposition, stationary waves, and resonance.
Sound
Doppler effect, beat frequency, intensity and loudness, open/closed pipes, and musical instruments.
Physical Optics
Interference (Young's double slit), diffraction, polarization, and resolving power of instruments.
Geometrical Optics
Lens maker's equation, combination of lenses, defects, microscope, telescope, and prism formulae.
Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell's equations, EM spectrum, properties of EM waves, and photon energy calculations.
Electrons & Photons
Photoelectric effect, Einstein's equation, de Broglie wavelength, and Millikan's oil drop experiment.
Atomic Structure
Bohr's model, hydrogen spectrum, energy levels, X-ray production, and Moseley's law.
Nuclear Physics
Nuclear reactions, binding energy, radioactive decay, half-life, fission, fusion, and nuclear reactors.
Semiconductor Devices
p-n junction, diode characteristics, rectifiers, transistors, logic gates, and integrated circuits.
